This study explores nursing in health surveys and checkups during the early period of the operation of the Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC), as related in the narratives of nurses and doctors working there. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three Japanese nurses and one doctor who had worked in the Hiroshima ABCC, and their narratives were analyzed using an oral history approach. It was concluded that their main activity during health surveys and checkups was assisting in medical treatment. It was suggested that each nursing department conducted nursing activities based on the purpose of the surveys and checkups. Nurses also played a role in collecting precise data as staff of the research institute and during their nursing, focusing on attitudes toward atom-bomb survivors and test methods and practices. Some survivors displayed negative behaviors with regard to the health surveys and checkups. This study's findings suggest that nurses played an important role in treating survivors by alleviating their stress they felt during the surveys, providing them with needs based checkups, and caring for their emotional issues involved.